What natural resources does Niger have?

With an average elevation of just seven feet above sea level, the Republic of the Marshall Islands is acutely vulnerable to inundation from both episodic events such as storm surge and chronic conditions such as sea-level rise. Seven feet sounds like something you could stand in, until you remember that a storm surge or king tide doesn't need to overtop you permanently to destroy a freshwater lens, flood a hospital or salt a crop field.

The Marshall Islands is a string of atolls in the central Pacific Ocean and consists of 29 atolls, with sea levels rising at twice the global average rate. An atoll is a ring-shaped coral reef that barely clears the surface of the ocean, enclosing a lagoon. It is not a volcanic island with a mountain at its center. It is essentially a thin strip of coral sand sitting in open water.

What is at risk

The atolls of the Marshall Islands are some of the most at-risk areas in the world as sea level continues to rise.

The numbers from the capital tell the story plainly. A World Bank study found that rising sea levels are projected to endanger 40% of existing buildings in the capital, Majuro, with 96% of the city at risk of frequent flooding induced by climate change. That is not some distant scenario: already, residents are facing extreme high tides and 16-foot swells that flood the islands with saltwater, damaging homes and infrastructure and contaminating the freshwater supply.

The risk scales sharply with every centimeter gained. A 1-meter sea level rise will mean 40% of the buildings in Majuro would be permanently inundated, and entire islands will disappear, according to a study by the Marshall Islands government and the World Bank. In Ebeye, the risk is even higher, with 50% of buildings being permanently flooded under the same scenario. With a 2-meter sea level rise, all the buildings of Majuro will be permanently flooded or at high risk of flooding.

Some projections estimate that future sea-level rise could exceed the average elevation of these islands by 2100. When the sea exceeds your highest point, there is no higher ground to retreat to.

The threat that arrives before the flooding

Research suggests the loss of freshwater resources could make the islands uninhabitable long before they might sink below the ocean waves. Saltwater infiltrating the underground freshwater lens, the thin bubble of fresh water beneath each island, is a slower but equally decisive threat. You don't need the island to disappear to make it unlivable. You just need the water to go bad.

This is the existential arithmetic behind President Hilda Heine of the Marshall Islands pressing for the Loss and Damage Fund at the 81st UN General Assembly. The country emits almost nothing, sits on nothing tall enough to save it, and is already paying the price.

Diori Hamani International Airport in Niger's capital, Niamey, doubles as a civilian and military facility, and it sits at the center of a geopolitical standoff over who controls Niger's most valuable export. Between December and January, a large cargo of concentrated uranium from the country's key uranium producer was blocked at the airport while waiting for export. No movement of that cargo has since been identified.

Concentrated uranium, often called "yellowcake," is uranium ore that has been processed into a powder form ready for shipping to enrichment facilities overseas. It is the raw material that nuclear power plants and weapons programs run on, and Niger sits on roughly six percent of the world's reserves.

Why it is stuck

The blockage is a product of the same political ruptures that have defined Niger since the 2023 coup. The coup triggered a series of crises: under General Abdourahamane Tchiani's junta, Niger broke ties with France, moved closer to Russia, and closed its borders with Benin after accusing it of harboring French troops, and Benin retaliated by blocking oil exports from its port. The same friction that strangled the oil pipeline has reached the uranium trade.

The airport itself has also become a target and a command post. Russian military forces entered Niamey's Airbase 101, establishing a logistics and command hub linked to Africa Corps operations across uranium-rich West Africa, meaning any export now moves through a Russian-secured environment. Islamic State militants launched a predawn assault on Air Base 101 and Niamey International Airport, damaging several aircraft before being repelled with assistance from Russia's Africa Corps.

Who the uranium belongs to

The junta has been systematically stripping Western mining companies of their licenses. The junta canceled gold mining concessions held by several firms, and rejected a request by British energy firm Savannah Energy to extend its exploration and drilling license, citing breaches of contract. France's Orano, which historically dominated Niger's uranium sector, lost its permit for the Imouraren mine. The stranded cargo at the airport fits this pattern: uranium that was processed and ready to ship under the old arrangements, now caught in limbo because the political and commercial terms underneath it collapsed.

Following the completed US military withdrawal and the addition of uranium to the US critical minerals list, Washington re-engaged Niamey through commercial finance rather than defense ties, with the vehicle being the US International Development Finance Corporation (DFC) and the target being Global Atomic's Dasa uranium project. The cargo sitting on the tarmac is a reminder of how completely the old order has broken down, and how contested the new one still is.

Zeine spoke on behalf of General Abdourahamane Tiani, Niger's head of state, and opened in the name of "the sovereign people of Niger, a people that is committed to its dignity and to cooperation among nations."

Highlights

• Trust cannot be built on broken promises. Zeine opened with a direct challenge to the session's theme of "restoring trust," arguing that trust is not built through "more and more promises but rather through their effective implementation for the benefit of the peoples." He argued that propaganda has kept Africa falsely dependent, while its resources are "stolen and locked away for the benefit of other agendas." (02:47)

• Palestine, Libya, Iraq: a pattern of unpunished crimes. He listed crimes committed "in Libya, in Iraq, in Palestine, in Lebanon, in Cuba, in Venezuela, and in our Sahel" in the name of universal values, calling them unpunished while sovereign nations face sanctions "for simply having wanted to decide on their own fate." Niger called for a two-state solution, the protection of civilians in Gaza, and unhindered humanitarian access. (03:44)

• Africa's permanent seat on the Security Council. He called Africa's exclusion from a permanent Security Council seat "a historic anomaly" and reaffirmed Niger's support for the Ezulwini Consensus, the African Union position that the continent deserves at least two permanent seats, demanding it become "subject to a full and concrete decision" rather than "sterile debates repeated day after day." (04:57)

• The Sahel is in a war of liberation, not a war of religion. The most politically charged section. Zeine argued that what outsiders call terrorism in the Sahel is "the cynical machinery of recolonization dressed in the trappings of extremism," driven by desire for Niger's uranium, Mali and Burkina Faso's gold, lithium, gas and oil. He named Emmanuel Macron's France by name, accusing it of using "local proxies, networks, and complicity" and of conducting destabilization with "the active complicity of Ukraine." He also said that as he spoke, proxies on Niger's northeastern border were "about to attack our military positions and our oil installations." (06:06)

• The AES: an irreversible confederation. Zeine gave a detailed institutional account of the Alliance of Sahel States (AES), the confederation grouping Niger, Mali and Burkina Faso, formed after all three countries expelled French forces and left the West African regional bloc ECOWAS. He described it as "an irreversible process towards our countries' sovereignty" and catalogued its structures: a unified force of 5,000 troops (scalable to 15,000), a confederation investment and development bank, a biometric passport, shared media, and, most recently, the first meetings of a Confederation Parliament held in Niamey. (10:02)

• Niger foiled a coup attempt, and is investigating outside links. Zeine disclosed that on the night of August 28 to 29, a third attempt at destabilization targeted Niger's institutions, after two previous attacks on Diori Hamani International Airport in Niamey. He said it failed "thanks to the loyalty of our defense and security forces" and that Niger reserves the right under the UN Gourma Charter to pursue "competent mechanisms to defend its sovereignty" once investigations into internal and external support are complete. (17:39)

• Uranium now belongs to Niger. He announced that Niger has recovered control of Somaïr, the uranium mine formerly operated for decades by French nuclear company Orano, nationalized in June 2025. He declared: "For more than half a century, Niger's uranium has lit the cities of Europe while our cities have remained in darkness. That injustice is now over." He said Niger invested 30 billion CFA francs to maintain production using entirely Nigerien workers and experts, and that the uranium will now be sold on the international market "in full transparency." (19:48)

• Economic Community results: 7% growth, deflation, food self-sufficiency. Zeine cited concrete numbers: 7% economic growth driven by oil and agriculture, inflation falling from 9.1% to negative 4.7%, a large-scale irrigation program covering 22,000 hectares of new farmland, a 50% reduction in public healthcare costs with free childbirth and pediatric care, and free and mandatory public education. He said Niger had not faced food shortages or called upon foreign assistance "for the first time in decades." (22:56)

• Algeria, China, Russia and others named as true friends. Closing with gratitude, he named Togo, Turkey, the Kingdom of Morocco, the Russian Federation, and the People's Republic of China as partners "based on mutual respect," thanking them on behalf of President Tiani. (26:52)

Priorities

• Sovereignty over Niger's natural resources, particularly uranium and oil, managed by and for Nigerians
• Full institutional consolidation of the AES confederation, including its parliament, joint military force, and development bank
• African permanent membership on the UN Security Council
• A just and lasting peace in Palestine through a two-state solution
• Economic transformation financed by Niger's own resources, not foreign aid
• Reform of the UN to ensure equal treatment of all member states, large and small

In his own words

On trust and Africa's place in the world:

"Trust cannot be decreed. It is built. It is earned. And it requires truth and justice."

"How to restore trust when for decades propaganda has been used to maintain the idea of a poor Africa condemned to do everything it is told to do, to survive thanks to the assistance of supposed international generosity even while its resources, its riches are stolen and locked away for the benefit of other agendas."

"How to restore this trust when the international institutions that are supposed to protect us have become the tools of a world order in which some peoples count and others merely survive and in which international law does not apply equally to all."

On Palestine:

"Niger is following with deep concern the tragic situation in Palestine, particularly in Gaza, where civilians are paying an unbearable human cost. We call for the effective protection of civilian populations, for unhindered humanitarian access, and for the pursuit of just and lasting peace."

"Niger reaffirms its support for a two-state solution, allowing the state of Palestine and the state of Israel to live side by side in peace, security and dignity."

On the Security Council:

"How to restore trust when 81 years after San Francisco, Africa with its more than around one and a half billion inhabitants and its 54 states still does not have a single permanent seat on the Security Council."

"Niger reaffirms its commitment to the Ezulwini Consensus and calls for this historic anomaly to no longer be the subject of sterile debates repeated day after day, to at long last become subject to a full and concrete decision."

On the Sahel conflict and France:

"Our Sahel is at war. It is in a war of liberation against a conspiracy aimed at recolonizing it."

"What some call terrorism in our region is the cynical machinery of recolonization dressed in the trappings of extremism. But the real motivation lies elsewhere, in a covetousness for the significant resources that God has placed in our land."

"They want to make us believe that we are incapable of governing ourselves, incapable of producing, of thinking, and of defending ourselves."

"This perfidious attempt to destabilize the central Sahel, conducted by France with the active complicity of Ukraine, is now documented, widely documented."

"I say solemnly from this rostrum: the Sahel sees, the Sahel hears, the Sahel remembers, and the Sahel understands things very well."

"A people that has decided to be free cannot be recolonized through fear, through deceit, nor even through savage violence."

"As I speak to you, on our northeastern border, there are proxies led by that France, supported by Ukraine and two other countries. And you know which countries I'm alluding to. Those proxies are armed, managed, and led, and they are about to attack our military positions and our oil installations."

On the AES:

"The AES is to Africa, its historic and contemporary diasporas, as light is to darkness."

"It is a profound, lasting, irrepressible and irreversible change. A change which, by trimming the sharp claws of imperialism, abolishing the trade in black persons and slavery, overthrowing colonialism and neocolonialism, is bringing the peoples of Africa towards independence, sovereignty and liberty."

"One space, one people, one destiny."

On Niger's sovereignty and resources:

"Our refoundation in Niger is not targeted against anyone. It is an expression of our will to rely on ourselves, to have total control over our resources, and also responsibility for our choices and our alliances."

"The sovereignty of our states is not negotiable. Our resources belong to our peoples. Our future will no longer be decided elsewhere."

"For more than half a century, Niger's uranium has lit the cities of Europe while our cities have remained in darkness. That injustice is now over. It is at an end."

"Not a single foreigner was involved in that. The current stock belongs to our country. It does not belong to anyone, and we will sell it to all those who wish to buy, in total transparency."

On Niger's economic progress:

"Three years after breaking with the old order, progress on the ground is remarkable. Our economy has seen 7% growth in 2025, driven above all by oil and agriculture."

"These results are very encouraging despite the scale of the challenges, because they are our results that we have achieved through our own means and resources."

On Niger standing tall:

"Three years ago, some people predicted that Niger would collapse under the weight of sanctions and isolation. Today, Niger is standing tall."

"It is standing tall because its people has refused to bow down."

On what trust requires:

"We declare that trust will be reborn when every nation, big or small, is treated with the same consideration, when the right to sovereign equality, to territorial integrity, to freely choose one's partners, and to non-interference, when those rights are respected."

"No country, however powerful it may be, can claim to be the world's policeman. That time is over."

Worth knowing

The AES, or Alliance des États du Sahel, is the confederation grouping Niger, Mali and Burkina Faso, all three governed by military juntas that came to power through coups. It began as a mutual-defense pact signed in September 2023 under the Liptako-Gourma Charter, then upgraded into a full confederation in July 2024. Its stated long-term goal is federalizing into a single sovereign state. The confederation has moved unusually fast by the standards of African regional integration: a joint biometric passport, a unified military command initially set at 5,000 troops, a confederation bank, shared television and radio, and, most recently, a Confederation Parliament installed in Niamey with 45 lawmakers, 15 from each member state.

The Somaïr mine, now renamed and transferred to state company TSUMCO, was for decades operated by French nuclear group Orano (formerly Areva), which held a 63% stake. Niger nationalized it in June 2025 after accusing Orano of extracting more uranium than permitted. Orano has pursued international arbitration. The mine at Arlit in northern Niger is one of the world's significant uranium operations, and its output powered European nuclear plants for generations while, as Zeine put it, Nigerien cities stayed dark.

The coup attempt Zeine referenced took place on the night of August 28 to 29. Mutinous soldiers attacked sensitive sites in Niamey including the airport and the Presidential Palace. It was the third security incident targeting the airport in 2026 alone: the first, in January, was carried out by the Islamic State Sahel Province; the second, in June, was claimed by JNIM (Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin), an al-Qaeda affiliate. Niger's government said the August coup attempt was repelled by loyal forces and allies, and investigations into who supported it internally and externally are ongoing. Russia's Africa Corps was reported to have assisted in putting it down.

The Ezulwini Consensus is the African Union's official position on UN Security Council reform, first adopted in 2005. It calls for Africa to receive at least two permanent seats with veto rights and five non-permanent seats, arguing that Africa is the only major world region with no permanent voice in the body that decides matters of war and peace.

Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana's first president and pan-Africanist icon) and Haile Selassie (Emperor of Ethiopia) were both invoked in the speech's broader pan-African framing, as founding figures of the anti-colonial movement whose vision Zeine presented the AES as continuing.

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Christophe Mirmand is a senior French civil servant appointed to lead Monaco's government by Prince Albert II, who named him the 26th Minister of State of Monaco. He is a graduate of Sciences Po and holds a specialized postgraduate degree in financial management, a Master's in international and European law, and a Bachelor's in history, and is an alumnus of the École Nationale d'Administration. In Monaco's system, the Minister of State is the head of government, the person who runs the country day to day on behalf of the sovereign. Mirmand spoke on behalf of Prince Albert II, who did not travel to New York himself.

Highlights

• Sovereignty is not a privilege, it is a duty. Mirmand opened by noting Monaco is the smallest member state by land mass, barely two square kilometers, yet at the UN every one of the 193 members carries a voice of equal weight. He stressed that sovereign equality is not a benefit states enjoy but a responsibility they bear: "the equality that our organization bestows upon us is not a privilege that we enjoy. It is a responsibility that we bear." (00:57)

• The law is under assault. He named the central crisis directly: rearmament accelerating worldwide, force being used again as a political tool, trade breaking down, a race to capture critical resources, and disinformation eroding people's trust in their institutions. He said belief in multilateralism "has never been tried to such an extent since 1945." (03:36)

• Ukraine: unambiguous condemnation. Mirmand said a permanent member of the Security Council has been waging a war of aggression against a sovereign state for almost five years, in flagrant violation of the UN Gourma Charter. He confirmed Monaco voted in favor of every General Assembly resolution calling for Russian withdrawal, aligned with all EU restrictive measures, and provided humanitarian support. He stated Monaco "will never recognize any annexation of territory obtained through force." (05:01)

• Gaza ceasefire, two-state solution, West Bank violence. He welcomed the ceasefire in Gaza and the freeing of hostages, condemned the acts of October 7 and the civilian price paid by people in Gaza equally, and called for full humanitarian access. He expressed concern about ongoing violence in the West Bank and reaffirmed that the only viable option is the two-state solution, with Israel and Palestine living side by side in peace and security within safe and recognized borders. (06:20)

• Lebanon and Iran. He called on all parties to fulfill their commitments under Security Council resolution 1701 on Lebanon, and said only negotiations can produce a global agreement on the Iranian nuclear program and prevent further escalation. (07:27)

• Reform the UN from 2030. Monaco supports the UN80 initiative to make the organization more streamlined and closer to people on the ground. Mirmand called on the "real leaders of the United Nations" to rethink the architecture of the system from 2030, bringing in the public and private sector, civil society, and educational and cultural hubs, and guaranteeing small states genuine inclusivity. He also called for Security Council reform and the revitalization of the General Assembly. (08:51)

• A woman should lead the UN next. On the election of the next Secretary-General, he called for a transparent and rigorous process and said that "after 80 years, the principality hopes that women candidates will be seriously considered." (10:23)

• The ocean as a model for multilateral trust. He pointed to the entry into force of the agreement on marine biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction as proof that multilateralism can deliver. Monaco was one of the first to sign and ratify it. He called for protecting 30% of the ocean by 2030, an ambitious binding agreement on plastics pollution, and extreme caution on deep-sea mining. (11:12)

• Climate and science. He cited the Paris Agreement as the common framework, committed Monaco to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 67.5% by 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality by 2050, and called on all countries to show more ambition. He noted that the Mediterranean experienced its second-highest surface temperature ever recorded in the preceding year. He defended science directly: "science has never been as certain, as accessible, and as clear." (11:48)

• AI and digital governance. He called for AI technologies to remain at the service of humanity, supported the implementation of the global digital compact, and called for a new normative framework on AI based on law and shared ethical principles. He also called for stronger cooperation on cyber threats. (13:43)

Priorities

• Monaco will never recognize territory annexed by force, and its support for Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity is unwavering.
• Full, safe, unhindered humanitarian access to Gaza and strengthening the ceasefire there.
• A two-state solution as the only viable path to peace between Israel and Palestine.
• Security Council resolution 1701 implemented fully in Lebanon; negotiations on Iran's nuclear program.
• UN restructured from 2030, with Security Council reform and genuine inclusivity for small states.
• A woman seriously considered for the next Secretary-General role.
• 30% of the ocean protected by 2030; a binding agreement on plastics; caution on deep-sea mining.
• Monaco's own commitment: 67.5% emissions reduction by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2050.
• A new AI governance framework anchored in law and human rights.

In his own words

On equal responsibility between states:

"The equality that our organization bestows upon us is not a privilege that we enjoy. It is a responsibility that we bear. This responsibility is our shared unique duty to uphold the law and multilateralism."

On why small states believe in international law:

"When might makes right, it is the smallest states who are the first to be threatened. When force is regulated by the law, all of humanity is protected."

On the scope of today's task:

"In the words of Dag Hammarskjöld, the second Secretary-General of the UN, the UN was not created to take mankind to heaven, but to save humanity from hell. That is the exact scope of our task. And that is why we do not have the right to give up."

On Ukraine:

"For almost five years, a permanent member of the Security Council has been waging a war of aggression against the sovereign state in flagrant violation of the charter. From the very outset, Monaco condemned this aggression unambiguously and unreservedly."

On territorial annexation:

"Monaco will never recognize any annexation of territory obtained through force. Allowing this for one state would be tantamount to allowing it for all."

On Gaza:

"Nothing can ever justify the acts of terror of the 7th of October, but nor can anything justify the price paid by these civilians in Gaza."

On the two-state solution:

"Our Sahel belief remains the same. The only viable option is the two-state solution. Israel and Palestine living side by side in peace and security within safe and recognized borders. Any policy that makes that scenario less likely through settlement building or sowing terror makes peace less likely too."

On Lebanon:

"The people of Lebanon have the right to a fully sovereign state in peace throughout its territory."

On Iran:

"Only negotiations can lead to a global agreement on the Iranian nuclear program and will prevent further escalation."

On the ocean:

"The ocean is nobody's property. It is everyone's responsibility."

On science and climate:

"Science has never been as certain, as accessible, and as clear." And: "The climate crisis is no longer a distant threat. Heat waves, fires, and floods are multiplying."

On UN reform:

"Monaco calls on the real leaders of the United Nations to rethink the architecture of our system from 2030. Bringing on board the public and private sector, civil society and educational and cultural hubs."

On a woman leading the UN:

"After 80 years, the principality hopes that women candidates will be seriously considered. The organization would do well to demonstrate at its helm the equality for which it stands."

On AI:

"Artificial intelligence is creating enormous opportunities for human development, but it also entails genuine risks. These technologies must remain at the service of humanity and the United Nations cannot remain a spectator."

On trust:

"Trust is not decreed. It is won through deeds and through promises kept."

On the generation's task, quoting Albert Camus:

"The great French writer Albert Camus defined the task of his generation thus: not to reform the world but perhaps even greater to prevent the world from destroying itself. Today that is our task: preventing the world from destroying itself. Preventing law being destroyed by force, preventing trust being destroyed by mistrust, and preventing the planet from being destroyed under the weight of our negligence."

Closing commitment:

"On behalf of his serene highness, Prince Albert II, I wish to reiterate the commitment of Monaco to the United Nations, to its charter, and to the ideal that led to its establishment, saving future generations from the scourge of war, and building together a common house where even the smallest states can take their rightful place, because here the law protects them all."

Worth knowing

Monaco's relationship to the UN is unusual. It is a sovereign principality of roughly 2 square kilometers on the French Riviera, ruled by Prince Albert II of the House of Grimaldi, with a population of around 38,000. It is governed day to day by a Minister of State who by long tradition is a French citizen, appointed by the prince from candidates proposed by the French government. Mirmand, born in Constantine in French Algeria, was appointed the 26th Minister of State of Monaco by Prince Albert II.

Prince Albert II is internationally known for his environmental advocacy, particularly on ocean protection, which explains why that section of the speech carries such personal weight. The BBNJ Agreement, the treaty on marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction, is a landmark multilateral deal years in the making. Monaco was among its earliest signatories and ratifiers.

The reference to Dag Hammarskjöld is to the Swedish diplomat who served as the UN's second Secretary-General from 1953 until his death in a plane crash in 1961. He remains one of the most revered figures in UN history, awarded the Nobel Peace Prize posthumously. The Camus quote comes from Albert Camus's Nobel Prize acceptance remarks in 1957, when Camus defined his generation's task not as reforming the world but as preventing it from destroying itself. Mirmand used both to frame Monaco's philosophy: the UN exists not to perfect humanity but to keep it from the worst.

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Hilda Heine, 74, is the president of the Marshall Islands, the chain of 29 low-lying coral atolls scattered across more than 750,000 square miles of the central Pacific. She is the first woman ever to lead the country and the first Our Marshallese person to earn a doctorate degree. She has served as president twice, first from 2016 to 2020 and again since 2024, and before politics spent decades as a classroom teacher, school counselor, and college president. She studied at the University of Oregon, the University of Hawaii at Manoa, and earned her doctorate from the University of Southern California.

The Associated Press, pulling voices from the fourth day of the general debate, quoted Heine on climate change:

"We all need to wake up and act."

Highlights

• A nation that cannot move to higher ground. The Marshall Islands consists of narrow strips of land on low-lying coral atolls. In a Time essay published during this week's general debate, Heine put it plainly: the world's other vulnerable communities can move people to higher ground when the seas rise. The Marshalls have no higher ground. The question, she wrote, is how Marshallese people continue to live there safely, not if the nation survives legally: the UN General Assembly this week affirmed that statehood endures even the loss of land.

• Climate urgency framed as survival, not statistics. Heine does not speak about climate change in the abstract. At the 80th session a year earlier, she said: "If I could find a louder alarm for the Pacific Islands than my words today, I would sound it." The alarm she brought to the 81st session carried the same force. The AP's note that she called on the world to "wake up and act" on climate signals she kept the pressure on rich nations to move from pledges to action.

• Nuclear accountability: the UN owes the Marshall Islands an apology. Between 1946 and 1958, the United States conducted 67 nuclear weapons tests in the Marshall Islands under the UN flag, during the trusteeship period when the UN was responsible for the islands. At the 80th session Heine demanded the organization formally reckon with that: "The UN should now be capable of delivering a contemporary acknowledgment and apology for what took place in its name and under its flag." That demand carried into her 81st session advocacy.

• Promises don't reclaim land. She has drawn a sharp line between diplomatic language and physical reality. "Promises don't reclaim land in atoll nations like mine," she said at the 80th session. "Those things require money." The argument is the same at the 81st: climate finance that exists only in communiqués does nothing for a country already measuring its future in centimeters of sea-level rise.

• Deep seabed mining moratorium. The Marshall Islands has banned deep seabed mining in its own waters, and Heine has called on the rest of the world to follow. "We cannot afford to destroy what we don't yet understand," she said. The Pacific Ocean floor is the Marshall Islands' most intimate neighbor, and she treats its protection as inseparable from the country's survival.

• Small voices carry lived truth. Her framing of Pacific island states is not one of helplessness but of moral weight. "Small island states may be small in size, but our voices carry the weight of lived truth." At the 81st session, that voice arrived against the backdrop of the UN General Assembly having just affirmed the legal continuity of states whose land is disappearing beneath the sea.

Priorities

• Urgent, funded climate action from the major emitting countries, not new pledges
• A formal UN acknowledgment of nuclear testing harm done in the Marshall Islands under the UN flag
• A global moratorium on deep seabed mining
• The Marshall Islands' right to persist as a sovereign state regardless of sea-level rise, a principle the 81st session has now enshrined
• Multilateral solidarity and accountability applied equally, without exception

In her own words

From this week's debate, as quoted by the Associated Press:

"We all need to wake up and act." — on climate change

From her Time essay published during the 81st session's high-level week:

"My country, the Republic of the Marshall Islands, will persist despite rising seas. The question is how Marshallese people go on living here safely."

"Our nation consists of narrow strips of land on 29 low-lying coral atolls scattered across more than 750,000 square miles of the central Pacific Ocean. For many, adapting to rising seas may mean moving communities to higher ground. In the Marshalls, we have no higher ground to move to."

From the 80th session speech, which establishes her standing position at this rostrum:

"Our Marshallese pleas to the Trusteeship Council to stop nuclear testing were disregarded. We were told we were safe, but we were not."

"The UN should now be capable of delivering a contemporary acknowledgment and apology for what took place in its name and under its flag."

"If I could find a louder alarm for the Pacific Islands than my words today, I would sound it. Only urgent action at scale can protect our people and our future."

"Promises don't reclaim land in atoll nations like mine. Those things require money."

"We cannot afford to destroy what we don't yet understand."

"Small island states may be small in size, but our voices carry the weight of lived truth."

Worth knowing

The Marshall Islands sits at the intersection of two historical grievances that give Heine's voice unusual moral authority at the UN. The United States tested nuclear weapons there for over a decade under a UN trusteeship arrangement, meaning the UN itself was the administering authority when the tests happened. Communities were displaced, land was contaminated, and the health effects have run across generations. At the same time, the country faces erasure not through war but through the slow physics of a warming ocean, and it has among the least responsibility of any nation for causing it. Heine also co-founded Women United Together Marshall Islands in 1987, and her career before and during the presidency has tied women's rights to climate survival as connected rather than separate causes. Her daughter, Kathy Jetn̄il-Kijiner, is one of the Pacific's best-known climate poets, and the two have appeared together on the world stage.

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Watch Marshall Islands at the UN General Assembly 80th Session on YouTube

Read Kiribati her Time essay published during the 81st session's high-level week: What the World Owes the Marshall Islands — Time